Improvement of growth performance,water quality and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi of postlarval whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by administration of mixed microencapsulated Bacillus probiotics

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mixed Bacillus on growth, water quality and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Postlarval shrimp (PL₃₀) were fed with (a) a basal diet (the control), (b) a diet containing mixed freeze‐dried Bacillus probiotics (FB) and (c) addition of mixed microencapsulated Bacillus probiotics (MB) in culture water. Addition of FB and MB probiotics improved (p < .05) growth, feed efficiency, survival and culture water quality (ammonia and nitrite) compared to the control group although there was no difference (p > .05) between the two treated groups. Bacillus numbers in gastrointestinal tracts and culture water of FB‐ and MB‐administrated shrimp were higher (p < .05) than in the control. After a 30‐day culture, shrimp were infected with V. harveyi and monitored for 10 days. A significant reduction (p < .05) in cumulative mortality was observed in FB‐ and MB‐supplemented shrimp (43.24% and 45.05%, respectively), compared to the control (63.06%). This finding demonstrated that administration of microencapsulated probiotics was as effective as freeze‐dried probiotics for improving growth, feed efficiency, survival, Bacillus in gastrointestinal tracts, water quality (ammonia and nitrite) and conferring disease resistance to V. harveyi.     

Cross‐effects of dietary probiotic supplementation and rearing temperature on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,cumulative mortality and innate immune response in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Probiotic influence on fish immune response and digestive capacity is extensively discussed in aquaculture. In this experiment, a feeding trial was carried out for 100 days to evaluate the cross‐effects of probiotic supplementation and rearing temperature (17, 20 and 23°C) in juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The experimental diet was supplemented with a commercial probiotic blend (Biomin AquaStar Growout) at 3 g/kg diet (5.23 × 10⁸ CFU/kg diet), and tested against a non‐supplemented diet (control). Growth performance and innate immune responses were analysed at 70 and 100 days of feeding, whereas digestive enzyme activities were determined at 100 days of feeding. At the end of the feeding trial, fish were subjected to a handling stress and cumulative mortality was recorded. Digestive enzyme activities were influenced by temperature, with α‐amylase and lipase activities peaking at the higher temperature (23°C) and trypsin at the lower temperature (17°C). Immune parameters showed a significant temperature versus feeding duration effect, with complement system (ACH50) and peroxidase peaking at 70 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. Poststress cumulative mortality was higher at the lowest temperature (17°C), especially in fish fed the control diet. In conclusion, water temperature was the main variable affecting the studied parameters, whereas the dietary probiotic supplementation had influence on the chymotrypsin activity and survival rate in seabass reared at 17°C.     

生物絮团养殖模式下益生菌添加对异育银鲫生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响

前期研究表明,生物絮团技术(biofloc technology,BFT)适于异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖。为进一步优化BFT养殖模式,本研究设置3个实验组:BFT模式下EM菌添加组(BB组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)添加组(BI组)和BFT对照组(B组),以均体重(1.60±0.50)g的异育银鲫为研究对象,探讨BFT模式下外源添加益生菌对养殖动物生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)益生菌添加组异育银鲫增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),BB和BI组的增重率分别提高了216.70%和184.04%,特定生长率分别提高了141.18%和125.49%,BB和BI组间差异不显著(P0.05);(2)益生菌添加组(BB组和BI组)的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶)活性均显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05)。益生菌添加组间,BB组淀粉酶活性显著高于BI组(P0.05),脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦高于BI组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)益生菌添加组肠道肌层厚度和黏膜下层厚度显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05),BB组异育银鲫肠道黏膜皱襞高度和皱襞间质宽度与BI和对照组相比,均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,BFT养殖模式下外源添加益生菌可以更好地促进异育银鲫生长。     

微生态制剂对鲤、鲫和草鱼养殖池塘效益的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为主的主要用于促进鱼类消化生长的微生态制剂I、多种混合微生物主要用于调节水质的微生态制剂II,或是两者混合使用的方法,比较研究了黑龙江省及辽宁省池塘养殖的鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲫（Carassius auratus）和草鱼（Ctenophyargodon idellus）的增重率、饲料系数及药价等效益。结果表明,单种或者混合使用微生态制剂均对池塘养殖鲤及草鱼的增重率、饵料系数及用药价格有一定影响,同时使用两种微生态制剂提高鱼类增重率最显著,辽宁省和黑龙江省分别提高了423.57%和90%;而两省养殖池塘的药价也分别降低了29%和56.25%。微生态制剂I及混合同时使用两种微生态制剂均能显著降低饲料系数,辽宁及黑龙江分别降低0.35及0.05。结果可见,适当使用微生态制剂对辽宁草鱼及黑龙江池塘养鲤效益有较好影响,对减少用药、发展绿色养殖业具极大的推动作用。     

复合益生菌对草鱼养殖水体水质和菌群结构的影响

为研究草鱼养殖水体中添加复合益生菌水质调节剂对水体水质和菌群的调节作用,实验采用氮磷等指标监测水质,采用454焦磷酸盐测序方法分析菌群结构,结果显示,处理组的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和总氮浓度一直低于对照组,但差异不显著;处理组硝酸盐氮浓度低于对照组,且在18d下降了56.59％;处理组的总无机氮含量低于对照组,且在15d下降了28.75％.处理组正磷酸盐和总磷浓度略低于对照组,无显著差异.15 d水样的454焦磷酸盐测序结果与对照组相比,处理组菌群多样性更高,厚壁菌门和变形菌门分别减少了91.21％和21.75％,拟杆菌、放线菌和蓝细菌分别增加了288％、435％和848％.在变形菌门中,α-变形杆菌和β-变形杆菌分别比对照组提高了318％和18％,γ-变形杆菌比对照组降低了78.82％.研究表明,该复合益生菌具有一定水质调控功能,且能显著改变菌群结构.     

Enhancement of innate immune system,survival and yield in Penaeus monodon reared in ponds using Streptococcus phocae PI80

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary and water supplementation of probiotic Streptococcus phocae PI80 on growth, immune response and feed utilization of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in earthen ponds. The probiotic bacterium S. phocae PI80 was cultured in large fermenter (50 L) by adding additional carbon source in the form of molasses and glucose along with yeast extract as nitrogen source to enrich S. phocae PI80 biomass. This enriched S. phocae PI80 was administered to shrimp in feed (6.5 × 10¹³ bacterial cells mL^?1) as well as in pond water (5 L/pond). Shrimp growth performance was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in 120 days culture when the average body weight of treated molasses + yeast extract (MY) (28.41 ± 0.874 g), glucose + yeast extract (GY) (27.013 ± 0.698 g) was significantly higher than control (23.63 ± 0.684 g). Food conversion ratio FCR was also found to be reduced significantly in ponds treated with probiotics when compared with control pond (1.89 ± 0.09). Vibrio and luminescent bacteria were found to be lower in the treatment receiving MY group, and we hypothesize that this may lead to greater shrimp survival. Furthermore, fermentation product of S. phocae PI80 added to pond water and feed additives enhanced the shrimp immune system. The results indicated that total haemocytes count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, NBT reductase assay and phagocytic activity significantly increased in shrimps treated with S. phocae PI80. Our study demonstrates that administration of S. phocae PI80 in the water and feed at 6.5 × 10¹³ colony‐forming units (CFU) mL^?1 bacterial cells induce immune modulation and enhances the immune ability of P. monodon in pond‐reared shrimp and increased the shrimp production.     

Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of an animal consists of a very complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that is very important from a nutritional, physiological and pathological point of view. A wide range of microbes derived from the surrounding aquatic environment, soil/sediment and feed are found to colonize in the GI tract of fish. Among the microbial groups, bacteria (aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate aneraobic forms) are the principal colonizers in the GI tract of fish, and in some fish, yeasts are also reported. The common bacterial colonizers in the GI tract of freshwater and marine fish include Vibrio, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Fusarium and Bacteroides, which may vary from species to species as well as environmental conditions. Besides, several unknown bacteria belonging to Mycoplasma, Arthrobacter, Brochothrix, Jeotgailbacillus, Ochrobactrum, Psychrobacter and Sejongia species in the GI tract of different fish species have now been identified successfully using culture‐independent techniques. Gnotobiotic and conventional studies indicate the involvement of GI microbiota in fish nutrition, epithelial development, immunity as well as disease outbreak. This review also highlights the need for manipulating the gut microbiota with useful beneficial microbes through probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic concepts for better fish health management.     

Study on Liver-protective Effect of Chinese Herbal Compound Probiotics on Acute Liver Injury Layers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the liver-protective effect of Chinese herbal compound probiotics (CHCP) on acute liver injury layers.One hundred and eight 1 day old hens were divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 9 layers per replicate in trial 1.The layers in model groups Ⅰ to Ⅲ were gavaged with 10% (V/V) soybean oil solution of carbon tetrachloride (SCCl₄) according to 1,2 and 4 mL/(kg·BW) at 14,28 and 35 d,respectively.The layers in control group were gavaged with 2 mL/(kg·BW) soybean oil.In trial 2,sixty 1 d layers were divided into 5 groups:Control group (soybean oil),model control group(SCCl₄)and low-dose,middle-dose and high-dose CHCP group (SCCl₄+1‰ CHCP,SCCl₄+2‰ CHCP and SCCl₄+4‰ CHCP respectively).CHCP were used by drinking water since 7 days.SCCl₄ were gavaged according to 2 mL/(kg·BW) at 14 and 28 d.The results showed as follows:The model of layers liver damage could be built by intragastric administration of 2 mL/(kg·BW) 10%(V/V) SCCl₄ at 14,28 d respectively,with the signs of hepatic steatosis,severe vacuolar degeneration,nuclear condensation and necrosis.Compared to the model control group,the serum AST levels in low,medium and high dose CHCP groups were decreased by 4.35% (P > 0.05),7.57% (P > 0.05) and 9.79% (P < 0.05),the serum ALT levels in medium and high dose CHCP groups were decreased by 34.92% (P < 0.01),36.51% (P < 0.01),the serum total bilirubin content in medium and high dose CHCP groups were decreased by 25.49% (P < 0.01),27.45% (P < 0.01).The liver cell congestion was reduced to varying degrees in different dose CHCP groups,and the liver cell had no vacuoles,arranged in neat rows,abundant cytoplasm and uniform in different dose CHCP groups.In conclusion,2‰,4‰ CHCP could reduce hepatocyte necrosis,decrease the serum activities of ALT,AST and total bilirubin levels,and had protective effect on hepatic injury induced by SCCl₄.     

发酵液中黄芪粗多糖与鸡肠道菌体外相互作用研究

取鸡盲肠和空肠内容物,用培养基分离培养以筛选混合菌FGM和单株菌F1GM1、F1GB1、F1GB3、F1GB4作发酵菌种,分别检测黄芪培养液中粗多糖水平变化和菌体浓度变化.结果表明:当培养液中加入少量黄芪提取浓缩液时(<9%V/V),细菌增殖与药物剂量变化呈正相关性;加药量高于9%时,细菌增殖与药物剂量呈负相关性.加药量低于2.5%时,培养液中粗多糖水平呈下降趋势;加药量为8%~9%时,粗多糖水平升高最为明显.当在培养基中加入适量黄芪提取液后,接入分离的鸡肠道乳杆菌共培养72 h,发酵液中粗多糖的提取率与菌体增殖间有正协同作用.     

日粮中添加复合益生菌对奶牛生产性能的影响

[目的]为探讨相同日粮条件下添加复合益生菌对奶牛生产性能的影响.[方法]选用胎次、体重、产奶量基本相似的荷斯坦奶牛120头,随机分为2组,试验组日粮中添加复合益生菌9 ×1012个/d·头,试验期100 d,预饲期10 d,试验期90d.[结果]试验组与对照组相比产奶量分别在60和90d提高了5.4;和5.24;,差异显著(P＜0.05).试验组乳脂率在60和90d分别提高了3.21;和3.83;,并在90d差异显著(P＜0.05);试验期内,试验组乳蛋白率略有提高但无显著差异(P＞0.05);试验期30 d时试验组的乳糖率和非脂固形物比对照组分别提高了1.41;和1.35;,差异显著(P＜0.05),60和90d无显著变化.与对照组相比,试验期30、60和90d试验组的奶牛体细胞数分别下降了8.98;、10.15;和21.14;.[结论]日粮中添加复合益生菌可以显著提高奶牛产奶性能和增强奶牛抗病能力.